代词
一、概说
代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。代词根据其用法特点可分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词等。
二、人称代词
1.人称代词的形式
人称代词根据它在句中的功能,有主格与宾语之分:
2.人称代词的用法
人称代词在句中可以用作主语(用主格)和宾语(用宾格):
He loves her,but she hates him.他爱她,但她却讨厌他。
【说明】(1)人称代词用作表语或用于than,as之后时,可以用主格(较正式),也可用宾格(较口语化):
“Who is it?”“It’s me.”“是谁呀?”“是我。”
He gets up earlier than me.他起床比我早。
He speaks English as well as her.他说英语说得跟她一样好。
但是,若than,as后的人称代词后跟有动词,则必须用主格:
He gets up earlier than I do.(此句不能用than me do)
(2)单独使用的人称代词通常用宾格:
“I’d like a cup of tea.”“Me too.”“我想要杯茶。”“我也是。”
3.人称代词的排列顺序
人称代词的排列顺序为:单数人称代词通常按“二三一”排列,即you,he and I;复数人称代词通常按“一二三”排列,即we,you and they。如:
You,he and I are all middle school students.你,他和我都是中学生。
We,you and they will all go there.我们,你们和他们都将去那儿。
但若是用于承担责任或错误等场合,则可把第一人称I置于其他人称代词之前:
I and Tom are to blame.我和汤姆该受批评。
三、物主代词
1.物主代词的形式
物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词,如下表:
2.物主代词的用法
形容词性物主代词在句中只用作定语;名词性物主代词则不能用作定语,但可以用作主语、宾语、表语、连用of作定语:
My radio is cheaper than yours.我的收音机比你的便宜。
His sister is a friend of ours.他的姐姐是我们的朋友。
This is my seat.Yours is over there.这是我的座位,你的在那儿。
【说明】我们可以说a friend of mine(ours,yours,hers,his,theirs),但是不能说a friend of me(us,you,her,him,theirs)。
3.使用物主代词三个易错点
(1)误将物主代词与冠词、指示代词等连用。如汉语可说“我的一个朋友”,但英语不能直译为my a friend,可说成a friend of mine;又如汉语可说“我的那个朋友”,但英语不能直译为my that friend,可说成that friend of mine。
(2)受汉语影响混淆人称代词与物主代词。如汉语说“我校”,说成英语应是my school,而不能是I school;汉语说“他妈”,说成英语应是his mother,而不能是he mother。
(3)受汉语影响漏掉必用的物主代词。如汉语说“摇头”,说成英语应是shake one's head,而不是shake head;汉语说“照看父母”,说成英语可以是look after one's parents,但不能是look after parents。
四、反身代词
1.反身代词的基本形式
3.反身代词的句法功能
反身代词在句中主要用作宾语和同位语:
He taught himself English.他自学英语。
She is too young to look after herself.她年纪太小,不能照顾自己。
He himself was a doctor.他本人就是一位医生。
【说明】用作同位语主要是为了加强被修饰词的语气,通常紧放在被修饰名词后,若不引起误解,也可放在句末:
You yourself said so./You said so yourself.你自己是这样说的。
另外,反身代词有时还用作表语:
The poor boy was myself.那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。
I'm not quite myself these days.我近来身体不大舒服。
五、相互代词
1.相互代词的形式与用法
英语的相互代词只有each other和one another,均表示“相互”、“彼此”。它们在句中通常只用作宾语:
We should help each other.我们应该互相帮助。
We've known each other for years.我们已认识多年了。
2.相互代词的所有格
相互代词的所有格在后面一个词上加-'s:
We didn't know each other's names.我们不知道彼此的名字。
They often stay in one another's house.他们常常在彼此的家里住。
3.使用相互代词注意点
(1)相互代词在句中通常只用作宾语,不可用作主语,所以以相互代词为宾语的句子不能变为被动语态。
(2)不要将相互代词误认为是副词,将其用作状语,如可说talk to each other,但不能说talk each other。
(3)有人认为,each other用于两者,one another用于三者,但在现代英语中两者常可换用(即均可用于两者或三者):
The three women looked at each other.这三个女人相互望了望。
六、指示代词
1.指示代词的形式与用法
英语中的指示代词主要的有this(这个),that(那个),these(这些),those(那些),其中this和that为单数,these和those为复数;this和these为近指,that和those为远指。指示代词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语:
This is a very useful book.这是一本很有用的书。
I don’t like that man.我喜欢那个人。
I like these and he likes those.我喜欢这些,他喜欢那些。
What I want to say is this.我想说的就是这点。
【说明】指示代词用作主语和定语时,可指人或物;用作宾语和表语时,只指物。如This is my father.this在句中作作主语,可以指人,但是在Do you know this?中,this作宾语,此句只能理解为“你知道这个情况吗?”不能理解为“你认识这个人吗?”
2.this与that用法比较
两者的基本区别是this表近指,that表远指。另外,当要回指上文提到的事情时,可用this或that,但是若要指下文叙述的事情,通常要用this:
She married Jim,and this[that]surprised me.她嫁给了吉姆,这使我感到很吃惊。
I want to know this—Does he love her?我想知道这一点:他爱她吗?
【说明】在打电话时,通常用this指自己,用that指对方:
Hello.This is Mary.Is that Jim?喂,我是玛丽,你是吉姆吗?
不过,在美国英语中指对方时也可用this。
3.表替代的that与those
有时为避免重复,通常用that和those来代替前面已提到过的事物:
The population of China are larger than that of Japan.中国人口比印度人口多。
The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.兔子的耳朵比狐狸的耳朵长。
上面第一句中的that代替the population,第二句的those代替the ears。
七、疑问代词
1.疑问代词的用法
英语中的疑问代词主要who,whom,whose,which,what等,它们通常位于句首,引出特殊疑问句:
What are you doing,Jim?吉姆,你在干什么?
Whose wallet is this?这是谁的钱包?
Which bike is yours?哪辆自行车是你的?
2.两组疑问代词的用法比较
(1)who与whom:前者为主格,用作主语,后者为宾格,用作宾格:
Who said that?那是谁说的?
Whom are you waiting for?你在等谁?
但是,当用作宾语的whom位于句首时,通常可用who代之:
Who are you waiting for?你在等谁?
(2)what,which与who:
①其后接名词时只用which和what,不能用who。which和what的区别是:前者用于选择范围较小或较明确的场合,后者用于选择范围较大或不明确的场合:
Which color do you like,black or white?黑色和白色,你喜欢哪种?
What color is your car?你的汽车是什么颜色的?
但是,若指人,即使选择的范围不明确,也多用which:
Which[What]writers do you like?你喜欢哪些作家?
②其后不接名词时,三者均可用,which和what的用法区别可参见上面的分析。至于who,它一般只用来指人,不管选择范围大还是小、明确还是不明确均可用:
Who won––Tom or Mike?谁赢了,是汤姆还是迈克?
Who is your favorite poet?你最喜欢的诗人是谁?
③另外,比较以下三句:
Who is he?他是谁?(意即要了解他的情况)
What is he?他是干什么的?(询问他的职业)
Which is he?他是哪个?(用于在一群人辨别要找的人)
3.两个疑问代词连用的情况
请看以下实例:
Where and when were you born?你出生在何时何地?
When and how did he go there?他是什么时候、怎么去那儿的?
"Where is it?""Where is what?"“它在哪儿?”“什么在哪儿?”
八、连接代词
1.连接代词的用法
连接代词主要包括who,whom,what,which,whose等,它们在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,可以引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句:
Do you know who he is.你知道他是谁吗?
He asked me what I wanted.他问我想要什么。
I don't know whose it is.我不知道那是谁的。
2.what的两种用法
what有时表示“什么”,带有疑问意味;有时表示“所…的一切事或东西”:
I don't know what he wants.我不知道他想要什么。
What he says is right.他所说的是对的。
I believe what she told me.我相信她和我所说的话。
九、不定代词
1.不定代词概说
不定代词是英语中最重要的一类代词,它不仅数量多、用法复杂,而且也是中考英语中的一类重要考点。不定代词主要有:
all全体,全部each每个both两个都either任意一个
neither两个都不one一个none没有一个little很少
few很少many许多much许多other另外的
another另外一个some一些any一些,任何no没有,无
enough足够的every每个someone某人somebody某人
something某事anyone任何人anybody任何人anything任何事
everyone每人everybody每人everything一切no one没有人
nobody没有人nothing没什么
2.三组同义词
somebody和someone同义,均表示“某人”;anyone和anybody同义,均表示“任何人”;everyone和everybody同义,均表示“每人”:
Is there anyone[anybody]here?这里有人吗?
I didn't see anyone[anybody]in the room.在房里我没看到人。
Everyone[Everybody]knows it.人人都知道这事。
3.some与any的用法区别
一般说来,some用于肯定句中,any用于否定句和疑问句中:
I have some friends here.我在这儿有些朋友。
I don't have any friends here.我在这儿没有朋友。
但是,在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中,通常要用some而不用any:
Would you like some cake?吃点蛋糕吗?
Shall I get some paper for you?要我帮你拿些纸来吗?
【说明】any有时也用于肯定句中,此时表示“任何”:
You can buy it at any big store.你可以在任何大商店里买到它。
4.many与much的用法区别
两者都表示“许多”,但many修饰或代替复数可数名词,而much用来修饰或代替不可数名词:
How many people are there in your family?你们家有几个人?
How much money did you spent on it?你在这上面花了多少钱?
Many of us left early.我们有许多人离开得很早。
Much work has been done.许多工作都已经做了。
5.every与each的用法区别
两者均可表示“每一个”,every侧重于从总体上考虑,而each则侧重从个体方面考虑。在具体使用它们注意以下几点:
(1)each既可单独使用,也可后接名词,还可后接of短语;而every后必须接名词,既不能单独使用也不能后接of短语:
Each is good.每个都很好。(不能用every)
Each of the students has seen it.每个学生见过它。(不能用every)
(2)each指两者或两者以上的“每个”,every指三者或三者以上“每个”,因此指两者时只能用each:
There are trees on each side of the road.路两边都有树。
(3)every可受almost,nearly等副词的修饰,但each却不能:
正:Almost every student has read the book.差不多每个学生都读过这本书。
误:Almost each student has read the book.
6.(a)few与(a)little的用法区别
(1)few和a few后接可数名词的复数形式。few表示数量很少或几乎没有,强调“少”,含有否定意义;a few表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有,强调“有”,含有肯定意义:
Few people like such things.没什么人喜欢那样的东西。
A few people like such things.有少数人喜欢那样的东西。
(2)little和a little之后接不可数名词,其区别跟few和a few之间的区别相似:
He knows little English.他几乎不懂英语。
He knows a little English.他懂一点点英语。
7.other,the other,another与others的用法区别
这些不定代词不仅在含义上有单复数之分,而且在用法上有泛指(无the)和特指(有the)之别。其用法区别可归纳如下:
(1)指单数时,若泛指用another,若特指用the other(后接单数名词):
Give me another(one).另外给我一个。
Shut the other eye,please.请把另一只眼睛也闭上。
(2)指复数时,若泛指用other(后接复数名词),若特指用the other(后接复数名词):
There are other ways of doing it.做这事还有其他的办法。
Where are the other students?其他同学在哪里?
(3)others永远表示复数意义,且其后不能再接名词。其用法大致相当于“other+复数名词”,同样地the others大致相当于“the other+复数名词”:
Other people[Others]may not think that way.别的人可能不这样想。
He is cleverer than the others[the other students]in her class.他比班上其他学生聪明。
(4)another一般只能表单数,且其后接名词也只能接单数名词。但是若其后有数词或few修饰时,则也可接复数名词:
I shall stay another few months.我将再待几个月。
They'll give you another thousand dollars.他们还会给你一千美元。
(5)与some对比使用时,用others(此时与some同义):
Some say yes,and others say no.有人说对,有人说不对。
8.指两者和三者的不定代词
有些不定代词用于指两者(如both,either,neither),有的不定代词用于指三者(如all,any,none,every),注意不要弄混:
Both of my parents are doctors.我的父母都是医生。
Neither of my parents knows English.我父母都不懂英语。
There are trees on either side of the square.路的两边都种有树。
There are trees on any side of the square.广场的每一边都种有树。
【说明】each可用于两者或多者,而every只用于多者,因此用于两者时只能用each,不能用every。
9.复合不定代词的用法特点
复合不定代词包括something,somebody,someone,anything,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,no one,everything,everybody,everyone等。它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。使用时注意以下几点:
(1)something,someone等和anything,anyone等的区别与some和any的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。
(2)复合不定代词受定语修饰时,定语应放在它们后面:
Tell us something interesting.给我们讲点有趣的事。
(3)指人的复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数he,him,his(不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词they,them,their:
Everyone knows this,doesn't he[don't they]?人人都知道这一点,不是吗?
(4)指事物的复合不定代词若用作主语,谓语动词只能用单数,相应的人称代词也只能用it,而不用they:
Everything is ready,isn't it?一切都准备好了,是吗?
10.不定代词与部分否定
不定代词all,both,every等与not连用时构成部分否定;若要表示完全否定,则需换用none,neither,no one等。比较:
All of the students have read it.所有这些学生都读过它。
Not all of the students have read it.并不是所有这些学生都读过它。
十、实力训练题
1.选择最佳答案填空:
(1)He is cleverer than ______.He can do it better than ______ do.
A.me,me B.I,me C.me,I D.I,mine
(2)Look,the chair has lost one of ______legs.
A.his B.her C.its D.it’s
(3)Her parents were in London,and so were ______.
A.he B.him C.his D.he’s
(4)I want to finish it _______.I won’t ask for help.
A.yourself B.myself C.ourselves D.ourselfs
(5)We’ve lost all our money.______ shall we do?
A.How B.What C.Where D.Why
(6)“Whose are you going to borrow?”“Mary’s.”
A.Who B.What C.Whose D.Where
(7)______ do you prefer,this one or that one?
A.How B.Why C.What D.Which
(8)Money is important,but it isn't ______.
A.anything B.something C.everything D.nothing
(9)He has made up his mind and ______ can make him change it.
A.anything B.everything C.nothing D.somethng
(10)Some of us agree,______ don’t.
A.some B.any C.no one D.other
(11)If you need money,I'll lend you ______.
A.some B.any C.everything D.anything
(12)He is older than any of ______ boys in his class.
A.the others B.others C.the other D.other
(13)“Lend me some money.”“Didn't he give you ______?”
A.some B.any C.no one D.other
(14)Only ______ of the children can answer this question.
A.few B.a few C.little D.a little
(15)The fish is delicious.Try and eat ______.
A.few B.a few C.little D.a little
(16)I don’t like it.Take it ______.
A.both B.each C.none D.all
(17)Two boys entered.______ was given an apple.
A.Both B.Each C.All D.Every
(18)______ of my parents agrees with me.
A.Both B.All C.Every D.Either
(19)It's difficult to tell the twins one from ______.
A.the other B.other C.others D.the others
(20)I’ll be ready soon.Please wait for me ______ five minutes.
A.others B.other C.another D.the others
2.根据所给中文意思,完成句子,每空一词:
(1)多可爱的孩子!是男孩吗?
What a beautiful baby!Is _____ a boy?
(2)我们家人口很多。
______ is a big family.
(3)好好保重。
Take good care of ______.
(4)我们从小就认识。
We have known ______ since we were children.
(5)我的座位在市长座位旁边。
My seat is next to ______ of the mayor.
(6)她对他的话感到不快。
She is not happy at ______ he said.
(7)还有谁有中国足彩网话要说?
Has ______ more to say?
(8)在伦敦你认识许多人吗?
Do you know ______ people in London?
(9)我们将再谈一次。
We'll have ______ talk about it.
(10)我不喜欢这个,另拿一个给我看。
I don't like this ______,show me ______.
(11)我能和你说几句话吗?
Could l have ______words with you?
参考答案:1.(1)—(5)CCCBB(6)—(10)CDCCA(11)—(15)ACABD(16)—(20)DBDAC
2.(1)it(2)Ours(3)yourself(4)each other(5)that(6)what(7)anyone anything(8)many(9)another(10)one,another(11)a few
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